Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Impact of Bacterial Infection in Hospitalized Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease

Bacterial infection is an important cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of bacterial infection in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We retrospectively analyzed data from 409 patients consecutively admitted to a tertiary referral center with ALD diagnosis. Of a total of 544 admissions, 133 (24.4%) cases presented with bacterial infection, of which 116 were community-acquired whereas 17 were hospital-acquired. The common types of infection were pneumonia (38%), biliary tract infection (17%), soft tissue infection (12%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (9%). Diabetes, serum Na or =20 mg/L, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) positivity were independently associated with bacterial infection in patients with ALD. Overall 30-day and 90-day mortalities in patients with bacterial infection were significantly (P or =32 (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.036-5.222, P = 0.041), and hemoglobin <12 g/dL (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.081-5.450, P = 0.032) were independent predictors of short-term mortality. In conclusion, bacterial infection and SIRS positivity predicted short-term prognosis in hospitalized patients with ALD. A thorough evaluation at admission or on clinical deterioration is required to detect possible infection with prompt management.

Inflammation and MMPs in alcohol-induced liver diseases and protective action of antioxidants.

The consumption of alcohol causes several liver-associated diseases all over the world. Alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) include hepatic inflammation, fatty liver, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and fibrosis and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the cellular, metabolic and biochemical mechanisms for these diseases are quite explicable, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) are still under investigation. The present review describes the roles and regulation of MMPs and TIMPs in different ALDs along with the involvement of other pathways. This review also summarizes the present knowledge on clinical and experimental trials with different antioxidants that help against alcohol associated liver diseases.

Hepatic abscess mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with alcoholic liver disease

No abstract available.

Qualidade de vida e consumo de alcoólicos em hepatopatas do sexo masculino / Quality of life and alcohol consumption in male patients with liver diseases

CONTEXTO: O uso disfuncional de álcool é um problema com amplas consequências. Além disso, os efeitos do seu uso sobre a qualidade de vida não foram ainda muito estudados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de hepatopatas e verificar suas possíveis associações com o consumo de alcoólicos e variáveis sociodemográficas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado com pacientes atendidos em ambulatório de hepatologia, entre abril e dezembro de 2009, avaliando homens entre 20 e 59 anos e escolaridade superior à 5ª série do ensino fundamental. Instrumentos: CAGE, AUDIT, WHOQOL-Bref e questionário sociodemográfico. RESULTADOS: Pacientes CAGE positivos tiveram médias mais baixas no domínio físico do WHOQOL (p = 0,027). Aqueles que nunca usaram alcoólicos tiveram médias mais altas no domínio social comparados aos consumidores de médio e alto risco ou provável dependência no ano (p-valores, respectivamente, 0,023 e 0,036). Abstêmios e usuários de baixo risco registraram médias mais elevadas no domínio social comparados aos usuários de médio risco no último ano (p = 0,031). CONCLUSÃO: Os mais baixos níveis de qualidade de vida nos domínios físico (CAGE) e social (AUDIT) registrados pelos pacientes que informaram consumo de alcoólicos de alto risco ou provável dependência são consistentes com achados da literatura.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional use of alcohol is a problem with broad consequences. Moreover, there exists little evidence about the impact of dysfunctional use on quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life of patients with liver diseases and to verify its possible associations with alcohol consumption and sociodemographic variables. METHOD: Transverse study with masculine patients between 20 and 59 years of age and with at least 5 years of primary school completed, assessed between April and December 2009 in a hepatology service. Instruments: CAGE, AUDIT, WHOQOL-Bref and sociodemographic questionnaire. RESULTS: CAGE positive patients had a lower average in the physical domain of WHOQOL (p = 0.027). Those who never used alcohol had higher scores in the social domain compared to patients with medium and high risk consumption or probable dependence in the past year (p = 0.023 and p = 0.036 respectively). Abstainers and low-risk users recorded the highest average in the social domain compared to medium risk users in the past year (p = 0.031). DISCUSSION: The lowest levels of quality of life in the physical (CAGE) and social (AUDIT) domains reported by patients with alcohol consumption of high risk or probable dependence are consistent with findings in the literature.

Type and cause of liver disease in Korea: single-center experience, 2005-2010

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the types and causes of liver disease in patients from a single community hospital in Korea between April 2005 and May 2010. METHODS: A cohort of patients who visited the liver clinic of the hospital during the aforementioned time period were consecutively enrolled (n=6,307). Consistent diagnostic criteria for each liver disease were set by a single, experienced hepatologist, and the diagnosis of all of the enrolled patients was confirmed by retrospective review of their medical records. RESULTS: Among the 6,307 patients, 528 (8.4%) were classified as acute hepatitis, 3,957 (62.7%) as chronic hepatitis, 767 (12.2%) as liver cirrhosis, 509 (8.1%) as primary liver cancer, and 546 (8.7%) as a benign liver mass or other diseases. The etiologies in the acute hepatitis group in decreasing order of prevalence were hepatitis A (44.3%), toxic hepatitis (32.4%), other hepatitis viruses (13.8%), and cryptogenic hepatitis (9.1%). In the chronic hepatitis group, 51.2% of cases were attributed to viral hepatitis, 33.3% to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 13.0% to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Of the cirrhoses, 73.4% were attributable to viral causes and 18.1% to alcohol. Of the hepatocellular carcinoma cases, 86.6% were attributed to viral hepatitis and 11.6% to ALD. Among the benign tumors, hemangioma comprised 52.2% and cystic liver disease comprised 33.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the current status of the type and cause of liver disease in Korea may be valuable as a basis for evaluating changing trends in liver disease in that country.

Retrospective study of the clinical profile and prognostic indicators in patients of alcoholic liver disease admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital in western Nepal

Alcohol is the most common substance abused in Nepal. Liver disease caused by alcohol abuse, including its end stage, cirrhosis, is a major health care problem, which is difficult to treat. To study the demographic profile, laboratory parameters, complications and their prognostic implications among patients of alcoholic liver disease [ALD]. Records of all patients of ALD admitted from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2006 were studied and followed up to December 31, 2007. A total of 181 patients were analyzed. Their clinical profile and laboratory parameters were noted and analyzed using SPSS-10.0 software. Among the 181 patients, 80.7% were male, 30.9% were army/ex-army and 65.2% were documented smokers. The mean age of presentation was 52.08 years. Jaundice [57.5%] was the most common presentation followed by hepatomegaly [51.4%]. Hypoalbuminemia [50.3] followed by ascites [48.1] were common complications. Death occurred in 19.1% of the patients, the most common cause being hepatic encephalopathy [72.2%] followed by variceal bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome. Jaundice, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy at presentation and female sex were significantly associated with increased mortality along with discriminant score >32, aspartate aminotransferase [AST]: Alanine aminotranferase [ALT] >/= 2, ultrasonography [USG]-proven cirrhosis, rise in prothrombin time >/= 5 s, total bilirubin >/= 4mg/dL and ESR >/= 34. ALD was predominantly seen among the productive age group with a high morbidity and mortality. Jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy at presentation and female sex are poor prognostic indicators along with discriminant score > 32, AST: ALT >/= 2, USC-proven cirrhosis, coagulopathy, hyperbilirubenemia and high ESR

Current status of liver diseases in Korea: Toxic and alcoholic liver diseases / 대한간학회지

The study of the epidemiology of toxic liver injury has been limited in Korea. The number of hospitalizations for toxic liver injury has been estimated to be 2,400 persons per year. About 30~40% of fulminant hepatitis was attributed to toxic hepatitis. The frequent causative agents of toxic hepatitis in Korea are herbal medicines (34~40%), folk remedies (23~34%), and prescribed medicines (24~55%). However, the most common agents causing severe liver injury including fulminant hepatitis are herbal medicine and folk remedies. Antituberculosis drugs and acetaminophen are two common causes of fulminant hepatitis among prescribed drugs. Alcohol is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease in Korea. No nationwide study on the epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has been carried out, but 7~31% of cirrhosis has been reported to be alcoholic in a few single-center studies. Alcohol could be a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic viral hepatitis. Several studies have shown that alcohol increased the risk of HCC in liver cirrhosis with HBsAg or anti-HCV. Furthermore, alcoholic cirrhosis with occult hepatitis B virus infection increased the risk of HCC.

Índices plaquetários em indivíduos com doença hepática alcoólica crônica / Platelet indices in chronic alcoholic liver disease patients with thrombocytopenia

OBJETIVO: Detectar alterações nos índices plaquetários em indivíduos com doença hepática alcoólica crónica e trombocitopenia e determinar o seu grau de correlação com outros parâmetros hematológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados um total de 65 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: controlos (n = 35) e com doença hepática alcoólica crónica e trombocitopenia (n = 30). O grupo controlo foi emparelhado por idade e sexo com o grupo de doentes. A todos eles, foi efectuado hemograma completo, incluindo índices plaquetários. RESULTADOS: Os doentes com doença hepática alcoólica crónica apresentaram contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas significativamente inferiores aos encontrados na população controlo. O mesmo se verificou com os valores de hemoglobina, hematócrito e valores absolutos de linfócitos e neutrófilos. O volume globular médio, a hemoglobina globular média e o RDW ("red cell distribution width") revelaram-se significativamente superiores no grupo de doentes. Relativamente aos índices plaquetários, foi encontrado aumento estatisticamente significativo do PDW ("platelet distribution width") e uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa no plaquetrócrito no grupo de doentes quando comparado com o grupo controlo. Em relação ao volume plaquetário médio não se encontraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos. Foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre a contagem de plaquetas e os outros parâmetros hematológicos analisados. O plaquetrócito revelou-se o índice plaquetário que mais se relaciona com os restantes parâmetros hematológicos. CONCLUSÃO: Os doentes com doença hepática alcoólica crónica apresentam diminuição nas três linhas hematopoiéticas, possivelmente associada com o hiperesplenismo que estes doentes apresentam. Adicionalmente às alterações numéricas, encontraram-se alterações morfológicas a nível dos eritrócitos e plaquetas, demonstráveis pelos índices eritrocitários e plaquetários.

AIM: To detect alterations in platelet indices in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and thrombocytopenia, and its correlation with other haematological parameters. METHODS: We studied 65 individuals separated in two groups: controls (n = 35) and chronic alcoholic liver disease patients with thrombocytopenia (n = 30). The control group was age and gender matched with patients group. In all, controls and patients, a haematological evaluation was done, including platelets indices. RESULTS: In the patients group we found a low number of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelet when we compare with controls. The same is true when we compare haemoglobin, hematocrit and absolute count of lymphocyte and neutrophil. The mean globular volume, mean globular haemoglobin and red cell distribution width where significantly higher in patients group. Platelet indices showed a statistical significant increased in platelet distribution width and decreased in platelet crit in the patient group. No differences where found on mean platelet volume between the two groups. Correlation between platelet number and other haematological parameters was found. CONCLUSION: Chronic alcoholic liver disease patients showed a decrease in all haematopoietic cell lines, probably associated with hypersplenism found in those patients. Additionally to the numeric alterations the erythrocyte and platelets showed morphologic alteration revelled by respective indices.

Mortality & clinical characteristics of hospitalized adult patients with HIV in Pune, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In India, data regarding mortality and clinical characteristics of hospitalized HIV-infected patients are sparse, which may limit the effectiveness of new hospital-based HIV programmes providing antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of our study was to determine mortality and clinical characteristics of hospitalized HIV-infected individuals in a high HIV prevalence region of India. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done of known HIV-infected adults admitted to the Medical Service of a large, public hospital in Pune, India, from January 2002 to November 2003. RESULTS: A total of 655 HIV-infected patients were identified; 489 (74.7%) were male and 4 (0.6%) were on ART. The most common illnesses reported were tuberculosis (55.8%), diarrhoea (4.2%), and alcoholic liver disease (3.7%) . The inpatient mortality was 172 (26.3%). The most common causes of death of the 172 people were tuberculosis (52.9%) and cryptococcal meningitis (7.6%). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased mortality were male sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.92, 95% CI: 1.08-3.41), haemoglobin level < 7 g/dl (AOR 2.75, 95% CI:1.23-6.14), length of stay < 2 days (OR 5.78, 95%, CI: 1.82-18.4), and cryptococcal meningitis (OR 4.44, 95% CI:1.19-16.6). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: In the era prior to widespread ART, a high inpatient mortality of 26 per cent was found among hospitalized HIV-infected individuals. Thus, while hospitalization is an important access and referral point for HIV care and treatment, earlier identification of HIV-infected persons must occur to ensure they will optimally benefit from the government's ART programme.

Observations of hepatic encephalopathy profile in a tertiary care centre.

A study was conducted among 67 patients presenting with hepatic encephalopathy to establish the aetiological diagnosis and record the incidence of acute and chronic liver diseases. They all had undergone thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation. The factor precipitating encephalopathy was also identified. Among 67 patients 19 (28.4%) had acute liver disease and 48 (71.6%) had chronic liver disease. Majority of patients had grade 2 encephalopathy at presentation. Among the acute cases most common aetiology was acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis B and E viruses whereas alcoholic liver disease was the most frequent cause of chronic liver disease. The most common precipitating factor was gastro-intestinal haemorrhage.

Is the Prevalence of Cryptogenic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Increasing in Korea? / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been characterized by a wide spectrum of liver damages that span from steatosis to cryptogenic liver cirrhosis and even to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to determine whether the prevalence of HCC arising from cryptogenic cirrhosis has increased during the last ten years and to characterize the clinical features of cryptogenic HCC in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective and hospital-based analysis of the clinical data was done in 1,145 HCC patients; group A (Jan. 1993-Dec. 1995), group B (Jan. 2000-Dec. 2002). The etiologies of HCC with liver cirrhosis in group A and group B were analyzed. The risk factors of NAFLD such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension between cryptogenic HCC and HCC with well-defined etiologies were compared. RESULTS: The major leading causes of HCC in each group were hepatitis B virus infection, followed by alcohol, hepatitis C virus and cryptogenic. There was a significant increase in the proportion of cryptogenic HCC in group B (A: 2.3%, B: 5.4%, p<0.05). In the case of HCV, it was 5.3% in group A and 9.9% in group B (p<0.05). Although the prevalence of cyptogenic HCC was significantly increased at an interval of seven years apart, there was no significant difference in the proportions of risk factors of NAFLD between cryptogenic HCC group and well-defined etiology group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cryptogenic HCC was significantly increased in Korea during the last decade. Although statistically insignifcant, there was a trend toward the higher proportion of risk factors with NAFLD in patients with cryptogenic HCC. This suggests that increased proportion of risk factors associated for NAFLD may have contributed to the development of cryptogenic HCC.

The Short Term Prognosis in Alcoholic Liver Disease with Metabolic Acidosis / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alcoholic liver disease with metabolic acidosis may have possible causes such as alcoholic ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis. Salicylate, methanol, and ethylene glycol intoxication should also be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term prognostic factors in patients with alcoholic liver disease with metabolic acidosis. METHODS: Clinical data related to twenty-nine patients with alcoholic liver disease and metabolic acidosis was analysed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups according to the outcome (survival or death). Past medical history, and physical, laboratory and radiologic data at admission were compared. RESULTS: The amount of daily alcohol intake differed significantly between the two groups (P=0.034), but duration and total amount of alcohol intake did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.128; P=0.360). The presence of ascites differed significantly between two the groups (P=0.019). On laboratory testing, the following differed significantly: base excess (P=0.038), hemoglobin (P=0.019), platelet (P=0.040), total bilirubin (P=0.007), albumin (P=0.012), creatinine (P=0.014), phosphorus (P=0.021), chloride (P=0.010), ammonia (P=0.003), prothrombin time (P=0.033), fibrinogen (P=0.011) and D-dimer (P=0.024). Review of the medical history of the patients showed diabetes (10/29), cirrhosis (10/29), and hepatocellular carcinoma (1/29). Combined conditions at admission were sepsis (8/29), pneumonia (7/29), acute renal failure (6/29), rhabdomyolysis (5/29), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (4/29), acute pancreatitis (3/29), acute respiratory distress syndrome (2/29), and acute myocardial infarction (1/29). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of daily alcohol intake, base excess, hemoglobin, platelet, total bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, phosphorus, chloride, ammonia, prothrombin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer seemed to be useful parameters in predicting short-term prognosis of patients with alcoholic liver disease with metabolic acidosis. Further study is needed to define the significance of these factors.

Implicaçöes do alcoolismo e da doença hepática crônica sobre o metabolismo de micronutrientes / The impact of alcohol and chronic liver disease of micronutrients metabolism

Liver disease, alcohol and malnutrition are combinations usually associated with micronutrient impairment. Chronic liver disease courses with lower storage and activation of vitamin-coenzymes related to their malabsorption. Alcohol worsens the picture by reducing food intake, ncreasing micronutrients utilization and decreasing their absorption secondary to either intestinal or pancreatic injuries. Other concurrent causes would be drug treatments, urinary losses, protein deficiency and oxidative stress. As consequences the clinical signs are anemia, liver steatosis, oxidative stress and immunosuppression

Alteracoes hematologicas ligadas ao alcoolismo / Hematological disorders related to alcoholism

O alcool produz varios efeitos na medula ossea, resultando em anemia, leucopenia e trombocitopenia. A ingestao cronica de etanol contribui para o aparecimento de disfuncoes plaquetarias e anemias carenciais, principalmente por deficiencias de folato...

Uso de concentrado de antitrombina III em cirróticos com distúrbios de coagulaçäo / Antithrombin III concentrate use in patients with cirrhosis with coagulation disorders

A deficiência de antitrombina III (ATIII) é observada na hepatopatia grave e pode ser decorrente da reduçäo de síntese ou de consumo aumentado, o que poderia ser compensado com o uso de concentrado de ATIII. OBJETIVO. Avaliar a eficiência da administraçäo de uma dose fixa de concentrado de ATIII, em pacientes com hepatopatia descompensada com distúrbio de hemostasia. CASUISTICA E MÉTODO. Foram avaliados seis pacientes, com idade média de 44 anos, variando de 14 a 63 anos, portadores de cirrose (quatro de etiologia alcoólica, um viral e um doença de Wilson), com alteraçäo de pelo menos dois dos parâmetros da hemostasia (TP> 1,40, TTPA> 1,25, fibrinogênio < 1,5g/L, plaquetas < 80.000/mm3). A média do nível de albumina foi de 2,6g/dL (1,9 a 3,8g/dL). O concentrado de ATIII (Kybernin) foi administrado na dose de 50U/kg, em dias alternados. Foi colhido sangue antes da primeira infusäo, 4 horas após e, depois, diariamente, antes da infusäo do dia, para medida da ATIII plasmática (amidolítico). Nenhum paciente recebeu hemoderivados. RESULTADOS. As médias da dosagem de ATIII foram: inicial = 35,8 por cento, 4 horas = 56,2 por cento*, 2 dias = 48,7 por cento*, 4 dias = 45,7 por cento* e 8 dias = 42,3 por cento*. Após a infusäo houve elevaçäo significante dos níveis de ATIII (* = p < 0,02, teste de Friedman), que se manteve até o 4§ dia. Näo houve alteraçäo dos demais parâmetros de coagulaçäo. CONCLUSÕES. O uso de concentrado de ATIII na dose utilizada é suficiente para elevar os níveis desse inibidor na hepatopatia; entretanto, com essa dose näo se obteve normalizaçäo de seus níveis. Esses dados sugerem que doses mais elevadas devem ser usadas em pacientes com hepatopatias graves, que apresentam näo apenas reduçäo de síntese, mas aumento de consumo dos fatores da coagulaçäo e de seus inibidores.

Clubbing--a reevaluation of its incidence and causes.

117 adult patients (age > 13 years) admitted in medical wards were studied for clubbing. 24.8% (29/117) of the patients had clubbing. Incidence of clubbing in males and females was 22.2% (26/117) and 2.6% (3/117) respectively [corrected]. Liver disease, which was seen in 27.6% cases (8/29) of clubbing, was the commonest cause of clubbing and was observed only in males. This was related to a high incidence of alcohol intake among males i.e. 34.6% (9/26) as against none among the females. Amongst the liver disease, suppurative liver disease was responsible for clubbing in 75% (6/8) of cases. Only 20.7% (6/29) of patients with clubbing had severe clubbing. 66.6% (4/6) of patients with severe clubbing had liver disease. Congenital heart disease was cause of clubbing in 2 out of 3 females (66.6%) with clubbing. Alcohol may be causally related to occurrence of clubbing in this part of the country.